{"id":1150,"date":"2023-02-13T01:18:49","date_gmt":"2023-02-13T01:18:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/?p=1150"},"modified":"2026-02-16T14:08:08","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T19:08:08","slug":"esus-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/esus-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Esus, the Gaulish God at the Tree"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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AKA: Essus, Esos, Hesus, Tarvos Trigaraunos.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>

While seemingly an important god in Gaul, there’s little about him on the ‘Net. When I went looking for descriptions of him back in the early 2000s, I found very, very little. Because of this, I’ve decided to grab as much information as I could, and fill a page about Esus.<\/p>

This particular page will not only include what we know (concretely) about Esus, but also what I have managed to gather via worship. Because I don’t want to muddle what we “know” and what I’m “guessing,” I’ll be certain to cite my sources, and even block off the “scholarly” work from my “conjectures.” Section 1 will be about the scholarly aspects, section 2 will be my inferences from that scholarly knowledge, and section 3 will include my conjectures.<\/p>

In all, please enjoy. If you have found something more worthwhile than what I have, please tell me. I want to know!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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**Note 07\/19\/05:<\/strong> It has come to my attention that some people are using this webpage to prove that Esus is, in fact, Jesus, or vice versa. It is my stated conclusion that there is no evidence whatsoever that Esus and Jesus are related. There is no evidence that this is the case, and the names themselves cannot be derived from one another. Esus is derived from an Indo-European language, and Jesus is derived from a Semitic language, and they don’t even mean similar things. To state that they are similar is not only incorrect, it is uninformed. It’s like saying that “can’t” and “cant” are related words because they look similar.<\/p>

If someone feels really strongly about it, I’ll be happy to exchange email with you and chat civilly about it, but my site is not “proof” of this idea. I do not support it. Esus is not Jesus. Jesus is not Esus. Period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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**Note 02\/08\/06:<\/strong> I’ve received a number of inquiries, so I wanted to point to a full layout of my position in this “Esus=Jesus” argument: Esus is not Jesus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1. Esus in Art, Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Commentaries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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On with the scholarly aspects of Esus!<\/p>

We’ll start with the first of two literary primary sources on file for this god: the Roman poet Lucan!<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Lucan's Pharsalia<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lucian is our first source about Esus; we start with this because it is from Lucan that a lot of notions of Esus derive after the conquest of Gaul, until the Nuates Pillar is discovered in 1711, which means he forms a strong base-layer of “understanding” about this deity. In the same section where Lucan mentions Esus (and Taranis and Teutates), he implies that the worship spreads from Belgium to southern France and northern Italy (he mentions the Ligurians, a Celtic tribe both cisalpine and transalpine; and the Treviri, from around Trier). Indeed, the finding of an altar with Esus on it near Trier and dedicated by a member of the Mediomatrici provides a clear connection to the northern end of this worship.<\/p>

Lucan suggests Esus isn’t a great god to worship, but as this is one of two literary sources, we have to run with it:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\"...and those Gauls who propitiate with human sacrifices the merciless gods Teutas, Esus and Taranis - at whose altars the visitant shudders because they are as awe-inspiring as those of the Scythian Diana.\"\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLucan, Pharsalia I, 422-465 (from Kernunnos.Com, retrieved 2005)<\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Here’s another translation, with different line numbers:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tLigurian tribes, now shorn, in ancient days\r\nFirst of the long-haired nations, on whose necks\r\nOnce flowed the auburn locks in pride supreme;\r\nAnd those who pacify with blood accursed\r\nSavage Teutates, Hesus' horrid shrines,\r\nAnd Taranis' altars cruel as were those\r\nLoved by Diana (18), goddess of the north;\r\nAll these now rest in peace. And you, ye Bards,\r\nWhose martial lays send down to distant times\r\nThe fame of valorous deeds in battle done,\r\nPour forth in safety more abundant song.\r\nWhile you, ye Druids (19), when the war was done,\r\nTo mysteries strange and hateful rites returned:\r\nTo you alone 'tis given the gods and stars\r\nTo know or not to know; secluded groves\r\nYour dwelling-place, and forests far remote.<\/xmp>\n\t\t\t\t<\/code>\n\t\t\t<\/pre>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbb2743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbb2743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>&#8211; Lucan, <i>Pharsalia <\/i>I, 495-510 (Translation &amp; notes below from Berkeley.edu, retrieved 2005)<\/strong><\/p><p>Notes:<\/p><ul><li>(18) This Diana was worshipped by the Tauri, a people who dwelt in the Crimea; and, according to legend, was propitiated by human sacrifices. Orestes on his return from his expiatory wanderings brought her image to Greece, and the Greeks identified her with their Artemis. (Compare Book VI., 93.)<\/li><li>(19) The horror of the Druidical groves is again alluded to in Book III., lines 462-489. Dean Merivale remarks (chapter li.) on this passage, that in the despair of another life which pervaded Paganism at the time, the Roman was exasperated at the Druids&#8217; assertion of the transmigration of souls. But the passage seems also to betray a lingering suspicion that the doctrine may in some shape be true, however horrible were the rites and sacrifices. The reality of a future life was a part of Lucan&#8217;s belief, as a state of reward for heroes. (See the passage at the beginning of Book IX.; and also Book VI., line 933). But all was vague and uncertain, and he appears to have viewed the Druidical transmigration rather with doubt and unbelief, as a possible form of future or recurring life, than with scorn as an absurdity.<\/li><\/ul><p>This particular version appears to no longer be available in 2026 (as I update this page), but also included the caveat: &#8220;It should be noted that, as history, Lucan&#8217;s work is far from being scrupulously accurate, frequently ignoring historical fact for the benefit of drama and rhetoric. For this reason, it should not be read as a reliable account of the Roman Civil War.&#8221;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e398107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e398107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Berne Scholia<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c93809 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c93809\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A set of commentaries on Lucan&#8217;s poem, called the Berne Scholia, provide us with several glosses that may come from other sources: a specific identification with Mars and\/or Mercury for example. Unfortunately, without the additional source material, these items are less certain in origin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af7168b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af7168b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What about Lactanius?<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42cc39b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42cc39b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the 3rd century CE, Lactanius basically repeats what Lucan says; we know he read Lucan, and he doesn&#8217;t provide us any deeper insights, so there&#8217;s not a lot of point in repeating him (though, since it&#8217;s one line, I guess I can: &#8220;The Gauls used to appease Hesus and Teutas with human blood.&#8221;) You&#8217;ll find that reference in Book 1, Chapter 21 of <em>Institutiones Divinae<\/em>. He appears to have been repeating what he read in Lucan, and nothing more.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c224de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c224de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inscriptions mentioning Esus<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5938cfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5938cfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are not many inscriptions to Esus, but there are some. We&#8217;ll examine two in particular that make only a textual reference to Esus, before moving on to images of the Gaulish god himself.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a347cf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a347cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Inscription at Cherchell, Algeria<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c11aba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c11aba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recently, I stumbled across a citation in the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.anneeepigraphique.msh-paris.fr\/\"><em>L&#8217;ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique<\/em><\/a>, 1985. This inscription was found, of all places, in Cherchell, Algeria. The source is in French, and includes a photo of the inscription:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf667e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bf667e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria01-750x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2446\" alt=\"black and white photo of a broken altar with oone and a half sand dollars at the top, and an inscription reading Peregrinus quod Esus fuit iuben. There is a carved pillar but no other decoration.\" srcset=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria01-750x1024.jpg 750w, http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria01-220x300.jpg 220w, http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria01-768x1049.jpg 768w, http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria01.jpg 1072w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Esus altar, Cherchell, Algeria<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f52d57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f52d57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><b>934)<\/b>\u00a0P. 123, n\u00b0 154; photo, fig. 9. Fragment de st\u00e8le de marbre blanc, bris\u00e9e de tous c\u00f4t\u00e9s, sauf \u00e0 g. : 28 \u00d7 20 \u00d7 5,5 cm. Le fronton triangulaire \u00e9tait orn\u00e9 de trois rosaces et soutenu par deux colonnes. Ch. \u00e9p. sur le bandeau sup\u00e9rieur : 4 \u00d7 12 cm. Provient de la n\u00e9cropole occidentale.<\/p><blockquote style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><i>Peregrinus<\/i>\u00a0[&#8212;] |\u00a0<i>quod Esus fuit iuben<\/i>[<i>s<\/i>&#8212;].<\/p><\/blockquote><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><i>Peregrinus<\/i>\u00a0est un nom tr\u00e8s courant. Plus surprenante est l&#8217;intervention du dieu gaulois Esus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ceb330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ceb330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Correct citation of the above would read as follows:<\/p><blockquote>AE 1985, 00934<br \/>Province: Mauretania Caesariensis<br \/>Location: Cherchell \/ Caesarea<\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f07cbee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f07cbee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The original publication of this inscription was in\u00a0<b>Ph. Leveau,\u00a0<i>Nouvelles inscriptions de Cherchel<\/i>,\u00a0<i>BAA<\/i>, t. VII, 1, 1977-1979, p. 111-192<\/b>, where it read like this:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-207ec3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"207ec3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">n\u00b0 154<br \/><br \/>St\u00e8le de marbre blanc bris\u00e9e en haut, \u00e0 droite et en bas. L : 20 cm ; H : 28 cm ; \u00e9p. : 5,5 cm. Fronton triangulaire d\u00e9cor\u00e9 de rosaces et soutenu par un cadre de colonnes. Champ \u00e9pigraphique : H : 4 cm. H l. : 1,8 cm. Points s\u00e9paratifs simples. Ligne 2, ligature\u00a0<i>VS<\/i>. N\u00e9cropole occidentale.<\/p><blockquote style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">PEREGRINVS<i>[&#8212;<\/i><br \/>QVODESVS*FVIT*IVBEN<i>[&#8212;<\/i><\/blockquote><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ligne 2 : Esus est le nom d&#8217;un dieu gaulois, qu&#8217;il est \u00e9tonnant de trouver ici.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b6a02d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b6a02d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The note &#8220;Ligne 2, ligature VS&#8221; explains why the word &#8220;Esus&#8221; doesn&#8217;t seem to actually appear after &#8220;quod.&#8221; The V and the S come together as a ligature, looking more like this: E\u222b\\\u222b (special thanks to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.maryjones.us\/\">Mary Jones<\/a> for spotting this and explaining the process).<\/p><p>Something really interesting to note is that, despite a lack of iconography associated with this particular inscription, we do appear to have a sand dollar above it (it&#8217;s been pointed out to me that this is probably not the case, however, given that sand dollars have 5 slits in them). Unfortunately, the rest of the inscription and monument is missing, so whatever was on it is now lost.<\/p><p>While digging up the original photo for this artifact, I found something else interesting: a number of birds, trees, and anchors represented around the site on other monuments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34fc6ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"34fc6ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t\n<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"34fc6ff\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"esus-algeria02b\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Figure 22, &quot;Plaques decorated with the symbols the tree, the bird, and the anchor.&quot;\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjQ0NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvNjcuMjI1LjE2NC4xN1wvfmNocm9uYXJjaHlcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzAyXC9lc3VzLWFsZ2VyaWEwMmIuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMzRmYzZmZiJ9\" href='http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria02b.jpg'><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria02b-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Figure 22, four carvd items; 1: memoria Amanda is carved under a tree with two anchors; 2, a bird is next ot a tree with an anchor next to it, with inscription that cannot be made out; 3 is an anchor, a tree, and a bird; 4 is a line drawing of a bird landing in a tree, with an anchor next to it.\" \/><\/a>\n<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"34fc6ff\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"esus-algeria03\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Figure 30, item 274\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjQ0OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvNjcuMjI1LjE2NC4xN1wvfmNocm9uYXJjaHlcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzAyXC9lc3VzLWFsZ2VyaWEwMy5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzNGZjNmZmIn0%3D\" href='http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria03.jpg'><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus-algeria03-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Figure 30, marked 274, a line drawing of an altar with an anchor, a tree, and birds in the tree\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-021d2af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"021d2af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There&#8217;s no evidence that these other monuments are related, but I found them terribly interesting primarily because of the fact that Esus is represented in Paris with a tree and birds on a pillar set up by sailors.<\/p><p>Food for thought, at least.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c4c69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9c4c69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marcellus Empiricus of Bordeaux's De medicamentis liber<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b0e691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b0e691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There is a second literary source for Esus, as well. Deiniol Jones pointed this one out to me recently, and I wanted to include it here: Marcellus Empiricus of Bordeaux&#8217;s\u00a0<i>De medicamentis liber<\/i>. The source I have on this is &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/410983\">A Gaulish Incantation in Marcellus of Bordeaux<\/a>&#8221; by Gustav Must, Language, Vol. 36, No. 2, Part 1. (Apr.-Jun., 1960), pp. 193-197.<\/p><p>Included in this article is a Gaulish incantation and its explanation. Here is the incantation:<\/p><blockquote><p>XI EXV CRICON EXV CRIGLION AISVS SCRI SV MI0 VELOR EXV GRICON EXV GRILAV<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-520e67f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"520e67f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The article goes on to transcribe and translate the incantation:<\/p><blockquote><p>The Gaulish incantation probably reads as follows: &#8220;<i>Xi exu cricon, exu criglion, Aisus, scri-su mio velor exu gricon, exu grilau.&#8221;<\/i>\u00a0It means something like this: &#8216;Rub out of the throat, out of the gullet, Aisus, remove thou thyself my evil out of the throat, out of the gorge.&#8217;<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dfa091 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dfa091\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here&#8217;s what it says about the appearance of &#8220;Aisus&#8221; and how it relates to the more common transliteration of &#8220;Esus&#8221;<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><i>aisus<\/i>\u00a0represents the Gaulish divine name\u00a0<i>Aisus<\/i>, recorded as\u00a0<i>Aisu-, Esu-, Esus, Aesu-, Aesus, Haesus, Hesus<\/i>\u00a0in inscriptions and in Latin manuscripts.<sup>16<\/sup>\u00a0The form in the present text is a masculine\u00a0<i>u<\/i>-stem and stands in the vocative case; the vocative of\u00a0<i>u<\/i>-stems was identical with the nominative. It is a widespread stem in religious terms and is attested in the languages of ancient Italy, e.g. Umbr.\u00a0<i>esono-<\/i>\u00a0&#8216;divinus, sacer&#8217;,\u00a0<i>esunu<\/i>\u00a0(neuter) &#8216;sacrificium&#8217;, Oscan Marruc.\u00a0<i>aisos<\/i>\u00a0(nom. pl.) &#8216;dii&#8217;, Paelig.\u00a0<i>aisis<\/i>\u00a0(dat. pl.) &#8216;diis&#8217;, Messap.\u00a0<i>aisa<\/i>, which perhaps are loanwords from Etruscan, cf. Etr.\u00a0<i>aesar<\/i>\u00a0&#8216;deus&#8217;,\u00a0<i>aisuna<\/i>\u00a0&#8216;divine&#8217;.<sup>17<\/sup>\u00a0Venetic\u00a0<i>aisu-<\/i>\u00a0&#8216;god&#8217; also belongs here.<sup>l8<\/sup>\u00a0Further, there is an interesting correspondence of these words in Old Norse,\u00a0<i>eir<\/i>, f., which occurs as the name of a goddess of medicine,<sup>19<\/sup>\u00a0and derives from\u00a0<i>*aisa<\/i>\u00a0via\u00a0<i>*aiz\u014d<\/i>.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The form\u00a0<i>aisus<\/i>\u00a0in Marcellus is important as a record of the god&#8217;s name in a Gaulish text. As is well known, the <a href=\"https:\/\/maryjones.us\/jce\/interpretatio.html\">interpretatio romana<\/a> equates this god with Mercurius and Mars, and he is mentioned as one of the three principal gods of the Gauls (beside Teutates and Taranis). No wonder he was invoked by the Gauls and asked to cure a troubled throat. Although Marcellus was a Christian, many pagan elements occur in his medical instructions. The Gaulish sentence may represent an old charm formula.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><b>Notes<\/b><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><sup>l6<\/sup>\u00a0&#8211; G. Dottin,\u00a0<i>La langue gauloise<\/i>\u00a060.<br \/><sup>l7<\/sup>\u00a0&#8211; Vetter,\u00a0<i>Handbuch der italischen Dialekte<\/i>\u00a01.185, 38, 282, 141, (Heidelberg, 1953); P. Kretschmer,\u00a0<i>Glotta<\/i>\u00a030.88 (1943); J . Pokorny,\u00a0<i>Idg. et. Wb. s.v.2. ais-<\/i>.<br \/><sup>l8<\/sup>\u00a0&#8211; See M. S. Beeler, Venetic and Italic,\u00a0<i>Hommages d Max Niedermann<\/i>\u00a041 (1956).<br \/><sup>19<\/sup>\u00a0&#8211; Sigfus Blondal,\u00a0<i>Islandsk-dansk ordbog<\/i>\u00a0s.v. (Reykjavik, 1920-22); Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson,\u00a0<i>An Icelandic-English dictionary<\/i>\u00a0s.v. (2nd ed., Oxford, 1957).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc3a102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc3a102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over the years, I&#8217;ve thought a lot about this incantation and what it might mean. While Must didn&#8217;t seem to bothered by the connection to &#8220;cure a troubled throat&#8221; based on the Berne Scholia&#8217;s <em>interpretatio Romana<\/em>, I&#8217;ve often thought about it instead from a perspective of the association with the gods of eloquence and quick words (particularly Mercury), so sometimes I consider this a call to make it easier to speak well (though that doesn&#8217;t really fit in context).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f539ada elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f539ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gurina Statue Base<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c2b31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51c2b31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 1987, a metal detectorist in modern-day Austria (ancient Noricum) on the Mallentheiner Hill near Hermagor-Pressegger See, found a bronze statue base (the statue was missing). The inscription on it has been identified as an inscription to Esus:<\/p><blockquote><p>Adginnos | Vercombogi (filius) | Aeso u(otum) s(oluit) l(ibens) m(erito).<\/p><\/blockquote><p>This inscription is detailed in <a id=\"link-element\" class=\" \" href=\"https:\/\/www-jstor-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu\/journal\/anneepig\"><cite data-v-43e39059=\"\">L&#8217;Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique<\/cite><\/a><span class=\"src\" data-v-43e39059=\"\" data-qa=\"item-src-info\">, Ann\u00e9e 1997 (2000), p. 404. You can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25607834\">read it on JSTOR<\/a> if you have access; it is inscription 1210. It was dated to the second half of the first century BCE (placing &#8220;Esus&#8221; as a deity name around 100+ years before Caesar). The statue base is hollow-cast bronze, only 6.2 cm x 8.7 cm, and the letters are only a half centimeter tall.<\/span><\/p><p>Here, &#8220;Aeso&#8221; is identified by scholars as Esus (dative of Aesos); Adginnus is the name of the person who dedicated it in fulfillment of his vow. (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Votum\">VSLM<\/a> = <em>utom soluit libens merito,<\/em>\u00a0&#8220;in fulfillment of my vow.&#8221;)<\/p><p>This inscription is described as being in the Landesmuseum, but <em>L&#8217;Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique<\/em> doesn&#8217;t tell me which Landesmsueum. Fortunately, I tracked it down to the Carinthia State Museum, now called <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%A4rnten.museum\">k\u00e4rnten.museum<\/a> since 2022. There is an image of it in the periodical <a href=\"https:\/\/anno.onb.ac.at\/cgi-content\/anno-plus?aid=ca1&amp;datum=1996&amp;page=99\"><em>Carinthia I<\/em> &#8211; 1996 Volume 186, on p. 99<\/a>.<\/p><p>After a thorough search of the area after it was turned in by the detectorist, it was determined that it probably did not come from Hermagor, but rather was likely to have come from Dellach (ancient Gurina), which was a cult center with longstanding settlement (described in <em>Carinthia I<\/em> &#8211; 1995) with a history of the production of votive offerings in the area.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4523a55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4523a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Other Inscriptions<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e88d35c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e88d35c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are a couple of other questionable inscriptions: the Mercury of Lezoux might have an inscription dedicating it to Esus, but it&#8217;s badly weathered and hard to tell what it says; also, while there&#8217;s a clear association with Mercury from the altar at Trier, this image lacks any consistent iconography with the other pieces we have (excepting the beard). Also near Lezoux, a terrine (an earthenware coking dish) there is an inscription whose initial word is unclear, but has been proposed as &#8220;Esus&#8221; (but also proposed as <em>eso<\/em> (&#8220;this&#8221;).<\/p><p>There are also place names and personal name elements, but determining which are eponymous and which are just the result of derivation from what the name &#8220;Esus&#8221; means is difficult to say. There&#8217;s a lovely votive bust of a man named Esumopas Cnusticus at the Mus\u00e9e d&#8217;Arch\u00e9ologie Nationale et Domaine National<br \/>Saint-Germain-en-Laye.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24c4d78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24c4d78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pictures of Esus<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e2736a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e2736a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>These pictures used to be difficult to come by, though my first source for them was:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Mac Cana, Proinsias.\u00a0<u><i>Celtic Mythology<\/i><\/u>. Hamlyn Publishing, London, 1970.<\/p><p><b><i>Note:<\/i><\/b>\u00a0I recently visited the Nautes Pillar (first set of pics below) in Paris, and took pictures of the entire thing. I created a separate page for the pictures and a discussion of the pillar as a whole:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/the-nautes-pillar-pillar-of-the-boatmen\/\">the Nautes Pillar, or the Pillar of the Boatmen<\/a><\/p><p>I highly suggest reading the Mac Cana book. Good luck finding it outside of a library.<\/p><p>I&#8217;ll include the captions for the pictures in this book with the page numbers. (It may go without saying, but please remember that the captions are\u00a0<u>not<\/u>\u00a0primary sources.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1174ef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1174ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pillar of the Boatmen: Mac Cana, p. 32, 33<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c42331d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c42331d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mac Cana provides a brief description of the two sides of the Nautes Pillar that relate to Esus:<\/p><blockquote><p><i>Reliefs from a pillar dedicated to Jupiter by the &#8216;Parisian mariners&#8217; between AD 14 and 37 and rediscovered in 1711 under the choir of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.\u00a0 One shows the god Esus cutting branches from a tree. In the other there is a similar tree with a bull surmounted by three birds. It bears the title\u00a0<\/i>Tarvos Trigaranus,\u00a0<i>&#8216;The Bull with Three Cranes&#8217;. That these two adjacent scenes belong together is confirmed by a relief from Treves (page 35) in which a man, similarly dressed in short working tunic, appears to be hacking the trunk of a tree in whose foliage are visible the head of a bull and the same three birds. These three components, the sacred tree, the divine bull and the triad of otherworld birds, are familiar features of insular Celtic tradition, and obviously we have to do here wit some episode from a myth. Unfortunately its precise content can only be conjectured. Musee de Cluny, Paris.<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote><p>(See further pictures, not from Mac Cana, on a separate page:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/esus\/nautes-pillar.html\">the Nautes Pillar, or the Pillar of the Boatmen<\/a>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96e9360 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-gallery\" data-id=\"96e9360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-gallery\">\n\t\t\t\n<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"96e9360\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"esus-nautes-pillar-o1-mac-cana\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Esus, in MacCana, Page 32\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjQ1MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvNjcuMjI1LjE2NC4xN1wvfmNocm9uYXJjaHlcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzAyXC9lc3VzMS5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI5NmU5MzYwIn0%3D\" href='http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"A man in a tunic uses a tool to shear branches from a tree; ESVS inscribed above him\" \/><\/a>\n<a data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"96e9360\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"tarvos-trigaranus-nautes-pillar-o2-mac-cana\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Tarvos Trigaranus, in MacCana, Page 33\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjQ1NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvNjcuMjI1LjE2NC4xN1wvfmNocm9uYXJjaHlcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjNcLzAyXC9lc3VzMi5qcGciLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiI5NmU5MzYwIn0%3D\" href='http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus2.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"A bull behind a tree with three cranes on his back and head; inscription TARVOSTRIGARANUS at top\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ead385 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ead385\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trier Mercury Altar: Mac Cana, p. 35<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb4274e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb4274e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mac Cana also provides a corresponding relief from Trier, stating:<\/p><blockquote><p><i>The relief from Treves which corresponds to the Paris reliefs of Esus and Tarvos Trigaramus. It shows a woodcutter attacking a tree on which repose three birds and the head of a bull. Landes-museum, Trier.<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote><p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ajaonline.org\/archive\/\"><i>American Journal of Archaeology<\/i><\/a> [Vol. 1, No. 4\/5 (July-Oct. 1897) pp 333-387] mentions this second relief of Esus in their &#8220;Archaeological News&#8221; section, having this to say on the subject on p. 374-375:<\/p><blockquote><p>&#8220;From Differten comes a sandstone relief of Mercury in Gallic costume, with herald&#8217;s staff and purse, an illustration of Caesar&#8217;s remark that Mercury was especially honored by the Gauls. Most important is a Gallo-Roman votive monument dedicated to Mercury by the Mediomatrician Indus. On the front, on either side of an open box, stand Mercury, with winged shoes and Gallic collar, and his Gallic mate Rosmerta. On the right side, next to Mercury, is the Gallic god Esus felling a tree, above which appear a bull&#8217;s head and three large birds, symbols of the god Tarvos Trigaranus, as seen on an altar at Paris. The monument is evidence of the identity of Esus and Mercury.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote><p>It then continues on to describe other finds around the museum. There is a copy of this article on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/496719\">JSTOR<\/a>\u00a0if you have access to it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0ce4d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d0ce4d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus3-401x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2455\" alt=\"A bearded man works at the base of a tree with a tool, and above his head are cranes and a bull&#039;s head in the leaves\" srcset=\"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus3-401x1024.jpg 401w, http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus3-117x300.jpg 117w, http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/esus3.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The Mercury altar at Trier, showing Esus<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0066ace elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0066ace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Esus in Scholarship<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c12bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9c12bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the years since I first published this page, where the gathering of sources was difficult and not everything was online, some of the books have gotten more accessible, while online sources have disappeared. I&#8217;ll keep the historical sources I have; keep in mind, this section is not necessarily about what is right or wrong, but just about what others have said.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc1f183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc1f183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Secondary Sources<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-841a8c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"841a8c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Okay, so what do other people say about Esus? Keep in mind that this is secondary info, and not necessarily reliable. What I plan to do is put stars next to each entry detailing what I think their worth is (take that info or leave it, it&#8217;s up to you).<\/p><p>There was a sampling above with Mac Cana&#8217;s stuff next to the pictures.\u00a0What else does he have to say about Esus?<\/p><p>The following sources have info about Esus, and I&#8217;ll quote and cite them as best as I can:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b69fbb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b69fbb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Peter Ellis<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-761cdf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"761cdf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Ellis, Peter.\u00a0<u>The Druids<\/u>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994. (p. 127)<\/b><\/p><blockquote>Lucan adds to our knowledge of Celtic gods by stating that Esus, Taranis and Teutates were also worshipped. He refers to &#8216;uncouth Esus of the barbarous altars&#8217; who has to be propitiated by human sacrifice. Esus appears in the guise of a muscular woodcutter on a relief dedicated to Jupiter\u00a0<i>c<\/i>.AD 14-37, rediscovered in 1711 under the choir of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. A similar depiction was found from the same century at Trier.<\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-022d633 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"022d633\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Encyclopedia of Religion (First Edition)<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d7db35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d7db35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I have a complete page of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/esus\/eor_esus.html\">all the mentions of Esus in the 1987 Encyclopedia of Religion<\/a>. The second edition does not include entries on this Gaulish god.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50d404d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50d404d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Miranda Green<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7241a39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7241a39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Green, Miranda J.\u00a0<i><u>Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend<\/u><\/i>. Thames &amp; Hudson, March 1992. (p. 93-94)<\/b><\/p><blockquote><p><b>Esus<\/b>\u00a0The Roman poet Lucan described in a poem, the\u00a0<em>Pharsalia<\/em>, dating from the 1st c. AD, the last great battle in the civil war between Pompey and Caesar. In it, he alludes to the journey of Caesar&#8217;s troops through southern Gaul and their encounter with three Gaulish gods: Taranis, Teutates and Esus (<i>Pharsalia<\/i>\u00a0I, 444-6). Lucan describes this triad as cruel, savage and demanding of human sacrifice: &#8216;horrid Esus with his wild altars&#8217;. In later commentaries on Lucan&#8217;s poem, probably dating from the 9th c. from Berne, Esus is mentioned as being propitiated by human sacrifice (see SACRIFICE, HUMAN): men were stabbed, hung in trees and allowed to bleed to death. The two commentators equate Esus with Mars and Mercury respectively, but this may not pose as great a problem as it first appears, since the word &#8216;Esus&#8217; is not so much a name as a title, meaning &#8216;Lord&#8217; or &#8216;Good Master&#8217;.<\/p><p>Whilst the implication of Lucan&#8217;s description is that Esus was an important and powerful Gaulish divinity, this is belied by the archaeological evidence in which Esus may be traced to only two monuments. The more significant stone forms part of the pillar dedicated to Jupiter by Parisian sailors in the reign of Tiberius. The block from Paris was found with five others in 1711 on the site of Notre-Dame. The Esus stone itself is inscribed with his name, and beneath this is a depiction of a muscular god chopping at a branch of a willow tree. On a juxtaposed scene is another willow, a bull and three cranes or egrets, with the inscription &#8216;TARVOSTRIGARANUS&#8217;. Essentially similar iconography recurs on a 1st c. AD stone at Trier, where an unnamed woodcutter attacks a willow in which repose three egrets and the head of a bull.<\/p><p>The symbolism of the two monuments, whilst not identical, is sufficiently similar and idiosyncratic for it to be possible to identify the presence of Esus on both. In addition to the image of the woodman, the willow, the marsh birds and bull appear on the Paris and Trier images. The iconography is obscure, but there is a natural association between bulls, birds, and willows: egrets feed on parasites in cattle hide; they, like the willow, are inhabitants of marsh or water margin, and egrets nest in willows. The woodcutting scene is problematical in terms of interpretation. It has been suggested that Esus prunes the tree for sacrificial purposes. It may be that there is a cyclical imagery in the destruction and rebirth of the Tree of Life in winter and spring: the birds may represent the soul in flight, perhaps the soul of the tree itself; the bull could himself be a sacrificial beast. Seasonal imagery may also be present in the symbiotic relationship enjoyed between bull and birds, which are of mutual benefit to one another. Finally, it should be recalled that trees are associated with Esus not simply in the iconography buy also in the Berne commentaries which describe the fate of Esus&#8217; sacrificial victims.<\/p><p>Mac Cana 1983, 29, 33; Zwicker 1934-6, 50; Dufal 1976, 26-7; 1961, 197-9; Ross 1967a, 279; Esperandier, nos. 3134, 4929; C.I.L. XIII, 3656.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34b5c47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"34b5c47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christopher Gwinn<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b33abc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b33abc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Gwinn, Christopher.\u00a0<\/b><b>Post on the Yahoo! Continental Celtic Group &lt;<a href=\"http:\/\/groups.yahoo.com\/group\/continentalceltic\">http:\/\/groups.yahoo.com\/group\/continentalceltic<\/a>&gt; on Sat, 11 Jan 2003 20:47:33.<\/b><\/p><blockquote><p>Esus, in my opinion, is an a-grade u-stem based on a PIE root *eis- &#8220;passion\/fury&#8221; (making the name semantically the same as Germanic Wotanaz &#8220;Furious\/Inspired God&#8221;). Alternately, I think it may be from PIE *ais- (2) &#8220;honor\/respect&#8221;.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdc4e82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bdc4e82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">John A. MacCulloch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75b860 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a75b860\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>MacCulloch, John A.\u00a0<i><u>Celtic Mythology<\/u><\/i>. Academy Chicago Pub, February 1996. (p. 157-158)<\/b><\/p><blockquote>They [the Setanii and Brigantes] had a well-known god, Esus, whom d&#8217;Arbonis identifies with Cuchulainn; whence the story (of Cuchulainn) is of Gaulish origin, perhaps taught by the Druids; and it was ultimately carried to Ulster, where it was received with enthusiasm.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/esus\/aboutesus.html#*\">*<\/a>\u00a0The identification rests on certain figured monuments, in the persons, names, or episodes of which M. d&#8217;Arbois sees those of the saga. On one altar Esus is cutting down a tree, while on the same altar is figured a bull on which are perched three birds, this animal being entitled\u00a0<i>Tarvos Trigaranos<\/i>\u00a0&#8212; &#8220;the bull with three cranes&#8221; (<i>garanus<\/i>), unless the cranes are a rebus for the three horns (<i>karenos<\/i>) of divine animals. On another altar from Treves a god is cutting down a tree, and in its branches are a bull&#8217;s head and two birds &#8212; a possible combination of the incidents on the other altar. M. d&#8217;Arbois regards this as illustrating the\u00a0<i>Tain<\/i>. Esus, the woodsman, is Cuchulainn; his action depicts what the hero did &#8212; cutting down trees to bar the way of Medb&#8217;s host; &#8220;Esus&#8221; is derived from words meaning &#8220;anger,&#8221; &#8220;rapid motion,&#8221; such as Cuchulainn often displayed. The bull is the Brown Bull; the birds are the forms in which Morrigan and her sisters appeared,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/esus\/aboutesus.html#**\">**<\/a>\u00a0though these bird-forms were those of the crow, not the crane; the personal names Donnotaurus is found in Gaul and is equivalent of the\u00a0<i>Donn Tarb<\/i>\u00a0&#8212; the &#8220;Brown Bull.&#8221;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/esus\/aboutesus.html#***\">***<\/a><br \/><br \/><a name=\"#*\"><\/a>*D&#8217;Arbois [b], pp. 25, 65 f.,RCel xx. 89 (1899).<br \/><a name=\"#**\"><\/a>**D&#8217;Arbois [b], pp. 63, RCel xix. 246 (1898), xxviii. 41 (1907); cf. S Reinach, in RCel xviii. 253 f. (1897).<br \/><a name=\"#***\"><\/a>***Caesar, De bello Gallico, vii. 65; d&#8217;Arbois [b], p. 49, and RCel xxvii. 324 (1906).<\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad607cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad607cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">James MacKillop<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e3360 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7e3360\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>MacKillop, James.\u00a0<i><u>A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology<\/u><\/i>. Oxford University Press, November 2000.<\/b><\/p><blockquote><b>Esus<\/b>, Hesus. Important god of ancient *Gaul, known both from Latin commentaries and from archeological evidence; often mentioned in the company of the Gaulish gods *Taranis and *Teutates. Although he testimony of Lucan (1st cent. AD) has been challenged as biased against the Gauls and contrived to pander to metropolitan prejudices, it cannot be ignored. He portrays an &#8216;uncouth Esus of the barbarous altars&#8217;. Human sacrifices are suspended from trees and ritually wounded; unnamed priests read omens from the way the blood ran from the wounds. Ancient scholiasts linked Esus to both *Mercury and *Mars, the latter implying that he might be a patron of war. Depictions of Esus as a woodcutter have prompted much imaginative speculation, but the earlier suggestion of a link between Esus and *Cuchulainn now seems ill-founded. One temple features three symbolic representations of *egrets; he is also associated with the *crane.<br \/><br \/>Although Esus&#8217; cult was thought confined to Gaul, the discover of *Lindow Man, the body of an ancient human sacrifice found in Cheshire in 1984, implied to some commentators the propitiation of Esus in Britain. Although Esus was worshipped in many parts of Gaul, he appears to have been the eponymous god of the Esuvii of northwest Gaul, on the English Channel, coextensive with the modern French Department of Calvados. In popular etymology his name is commemorated in the Breton town of *Esse. See Waldemar Deonnna, &#8216;Les Victimes d&#8217;Esus,\u00a0<i>Ogam<\/i>, 10 (1958), 3-29; Paul-Marie Duval, &#8216;Teutates, Esus, Taranis&#8217;,\u00a0<i>Etudes Celtiques<\/i>, 8 (1958), 41-58; Anne Ross, &#8216;Esus et les trois &#8220;Grues&#8221;&#8216;,\u00a0<i>Etudes Celtiques<\/i>, 9 (1960\/1), 405-38.<\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85da6e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85da6e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jan de Vries<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aabe4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6aabe4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>de Vries, Jan.\u00a0<i><u>Keltische Religion<\/u><\/i>. Stuttgart, Germany: W. Kohlhammer, 1954. Trans. <a href=\"https:\/\/ceisiwrserith.com\/\">David Fickett-Wilbar<\/a> (and much appreciated!)<\/b><\/p><blockquote><p>p. 97: &#8220;Hesus Mars is placated thus: men are suspended in trees even until the parts of the leg have separated.&#8221;<\/p><p>p. 97: &#8220;They are believed to be Hesus Mercurius, if indeed he is worshiped by sailors.&#8221;<\/p><p>p. 98: &#8220;It can hardly be ascertained where he was worshipped. The just mentioned sources point, at any rate, to a not inconsiderably widespread distribution. That his cult flourished mainly in the area around Paris is at least likely.<\/p><p>Three clues offer themselves to the meaning of this deity: 1. his name 2. the kind of sacrifice offered to him 3. the ritual act on the altars from Paris and Trier. We will examine them in turn.<\/p><p>The word &#8220;Esus&#8221; is not unknown in Gaulish. We find it in the personal names Esunertus, Esumagos, Eusmopas, Esugenus (n. 4. This name is found in Irish Eogan, in Welsh Ewein, Owain); even simply as Hesus. Perhaps also the name of the Esuvii tribe belongs to it. The explanation of this word can be broken up further, however. Dom Martin seeks a connection with the Breton word\u00a0<i>(h)euzuz<\/i>, meaning &#8220;terrible.&#8221; Others have thought it from Italic\u00a0<i>aisus<\/i>,\u00a0<i>esus<\/i>, &#8220;God,&#8221; and the Etruscan\u00a0<i>Erus<\/i>\u00a0or also from the Latin\u00a0<i>herus<\/i>, &#8220;Lord, Master.&#8221; On the other hand, Vendryes explains the name from\u00a0<i>esu<\/i>, &#8220;good&#8221; (cf. Gk.\u00a0<i>eus<\/i>\u00a0and also archaic Indic\u00a0<i>asura<\/i>); but we hardly get the impression of a good god from the Berne\u00a0<i>scholia<\/i>. Others would like to derive it from the Indo-European root\u00a0<i>*is<\/i>, &#8220;to desire;&#8221; then arguing the sense: the one who fulfills men&#8217;s desires. Perhaps better might be the derivation from the root\u00a0<i>*eis<\/i>, which means &#8220;energy, passion.&#8221; These are, however, only possibilities, which prove one more time that one can&#8217;t come far with etymology.<\/p><p>That the\u00a0<i>scholia<\/i>\u00a0refer to horrible sacrifices also give us few clues to the significance of the god. Already the expression\u00a0<i>membra digesserit<\/i>\u00a0can not be understood. Must one understand by it, &#8220;to tear up, to cup up?&#8221; Or do we rather have to deal here with a disposition of the limbs after the blood has flowed out? It is important that the sacrifice would be hung from a tree, because a tree likewise stands out as full of meaning in the pictured representations. The objection that we hear only seldom of hanging rituals among the Celts and that the chopping off of lime is completely unknown [<i>ed. note: begin p. 99<\/i>] says little. What do we know about the bases of Celtic sacrifice? What the classical authors have told us of it is in any case terrible enough. If we consider the reports of these sacrificial practices reliable, Esus must seem to us to be a god of little friendliness.<\/p><p>Finally, the portraits from both altars. To what purpose does the god strike a tree? It seems to me completely erroneous to think of a simple forester god, and to connect Esus with clearing-work, or to see in him at all a manual laborer who provided the\u00a0<i>nautae<\/i>\u00a0of Paris with the necessary workforce for their ships. Likewise it is incorrect that the cutting down of trees would be regarded as a death, and then further to remind us of Maypole rituals. It seems even more to me that Esus in the picture is cutting the limbs of a tree; if one imagines that sacrifices for him were only just hung on the tree, once comes perhaps to the conclusion that god would have been shown here by the injury of a tree for the hanging-sacrifice.<\/p><p>We must admit, with W. Deonna, that the meaning of the myth is for us incomprehensible; perhaps the picture only refers to a single piece of the ritual. At any rate, I would like to assert that there can be not talk of a &#8220;rural&#8221; god of clearing-work. The relief of the blocks from Paris represents him in the same rank as Jupiter and Volcanus. The Berne scholiasts compare him with the great Roman god; it remains only questionable whether he is Mercury or Mars or perhaps neither of them. The Esus-complex has also been compared with Hercules, and it has been pointed out in that regard that figures of bas-reliefs with the name Smert\u2026 are themselves found; one could consequently think of a Gaulish Herakles or Donar, thus of a god of physical strength.<\/p><p>But that will not explain the hanging-sacrifice. When one accordingly takes this into consideration, the comparison with Mercury gains special meaning. If the German Mercury is simply Woden-Odhin, this go stands in undoubted connection with an act of sacrifice by means of hanging. It can likewise be said of both gods that they are also gods who protect travel: Odhin is called: [<i>ed. note: obscured<\/i>], thus &#8220;god of cargo;&#8221; he gives mariners good winds. The Paris altar was erected by\u00a0<i>nautae<\/i>. On the other hand, one is reminded how cautious one must be with one&#8217;s interpretation. Great gods are always ambivalent; their power extends into many areas of life. Odhin is not only a god of force, but of tricks and intrigues, of crafts and skillfulness. Exactly for these reasons could the mariners have worshipped him. The god to whom the hanging-sacrifice was offered was also, however, a cruel god. In that vein one could point to the name &#8220;Esus,&#8221; if one accepts O&#8217;Rahilly&#8217;s etymology; but also the interpretation of Vendryes deserves consideration, if one thinks that the name &#8220;the good god&#8221; is perhaps to be considered as only a euphemism.<\/p><p>All in all: the account of the hanging-sacrifice and the picture on the Paris altar sets out as the nearest course of assumption that Esus was a name for the head god of the Gauls and perhaps most likely to be compared to Mercury and the northern Germanic Odhin.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-654c576 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"654c576\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Britannia.Com<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c71328 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c71328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>From\u00a0http:\/\/www.britannia.com\/celtic\/gods\/esus.html <\/b>(This was a travel site, of all things, and the link no longer works, probably because it&#8217;s now a commodities and securities trading firm&#8217;s website, so it&#8217;s archived here):<\/p><blockquote><p><strong>Esos<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Celtic God of the Willow<\/strong><\/p><p>Though there is no direct evidence for the worship of Esos &#8211; the \u2018Good Master\u2019 &#8211; in Britain, and little elsewhere, he is mentioned by the Roman poet, Lucan, as a powerful Celtic god encountered by Caesar\u2019s troops in Southern Gaul. Equated with Mars, he was apparently savage, cruel and &#8220;Horrid Esus with his wild altars&#8221; demanded human sacrifices. Later commentators indicate that the male victims were stabbed, hung in trees and allowed to bleed to death. The implication is that Esos was widely reverred, but archaeological evidence is scant.<\/p><p>He is best attested on a large decorated pillar bearing his name, but dedicated to Jupiter. It was discovered below the Notre Dame in Paris in 1711 and depicts a muscular man chopping away at a willow tree. A juxtaposed scene shows a bull with three cranes or egrets on its back, named Tarvostrigaranus &#8211; the &#8216;Bull with Three Cranes&#8217;. Similar iconography appears on a stone from Trier.<\/p><p>The symbolism is almost impossible to interpret and may relate to some long lost mythology. The Willow and the Cranes are associated with the water&#8217;s edge, so perhaps Esos was a marshland god. The tree is presumably that in which his victims were sacrificed, by why he prunes it is uncertain. Possibly it shows the destruction and rebirth of the Tree of Life in Winter and Spring. The birds may represent spirits during the former process. They are natural and matually beneficial companions for the Bull, which enhances the fertility symbolism of the tree. Magical groups of three birds appear in Welsh mythology and, to the Irish, cranes may reprsent women. In this context, the Tarvostrigaranus may just possibly be represnted by a small bronze triple-horned bull figurine found at the Roman Temple within the hillfort of Maiden&#8217;s Castle (Dorset). It shows three female humoid figures perched on its back.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80ee493 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"80ee493\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mary Jones<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13968ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13968ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mary Jones, an excellent Celtic scholar, has entries on both\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.maryjones.us\/jce\/esus.html\">Esus<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.maryjones.us\/jce\/tarvostrigaranos.html\">Tarvos Trigaranus<\/a>, as well as the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.maryjones.us\/jce\/sailorspillar.html\">Nautes Pillar<\/a>. I would encourage you to visit her site, and so won&#8217;t copy\/paste the contents here.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab0733d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab0733d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">General Source Observations<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01f73d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01f73d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What can we infer from these sources?<\/p><p>Esus is represented with certainty only three times. You see those three above, two from the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/esus\/nautes-pillar.html\">Nautes Pillar<\/a>\u00a0and one from Trier. In the first representation, we see Esus represented as a bearded man wearing a loose tunic. His clothes are primarily dictated, I think, by the relief itself, as this representation, dated to 14 AD, is a Romanized representation. Interestingly, the term applied to a man wearing only a tunic was\u00a0<i><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ukans.edu\/history\/index\/europe\/ancient_rome\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/secondary\/SMIGRA*\/Nudus.html\">nudus<\/a><\/i>\u00a0in Latin, and thus we have a god who appears to do the work of a common man (i.e. a woodcutter) being represented on the level of that common man.<\/p><p>It does seem that he is cutting down a willow tree with his hand-axe, representing a possible connection with the breaking of barriers and the areas between worlds (the willow tree stands at the place between the worlds of land and water). He may also be trimming the tree with a bill-hook, possibly an indication of the need to re-work the world tree or to trim the parts of it that are dangerous or diseased.<\/p><p>The relation between the Esus panel and the Tarvos Trigaranus panel seems obvious, given the Trier relief. There is question about how they are related, obviously, in particular about whether they illustrate the same scene, or two different scenes. Do we take the four sides of the pillar section as one story? Could the myth be related along the entirety of the pillar, with each character playing a specific part in this mythic drama?<\/p><p>The representations may also be of a hero, not a god at all. If this is the case, then we may have been looking at it from a direction that prevents our understanding. We can say that a number of the figures on the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/esus\/nautes-pillar.html\">Nautes Pillar<\/a>\u00a0are\u00a0<i>not<\/i>\u00a0deities, and so this may be another non-deity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d754335 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d754335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Three Cranes<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94907a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b94907a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A set of three cranes appears a few times in some Celtic lore, but the one that comes to mind most quickly is the story of Athirne the Unsociable. Whether this is connected to Esus or not is debatable at best, as the names don&#8217;t seem to match up, nor does it well reflect what we see in the relief:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><b>Athirne the Unsociable<\/b><br \/>From\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geocities.com\/paris\/arc\/6084\/ath-un.htm\">http:\/\/www.geocities.com\/paris\/arc\/6084\/ath-un.htm<\/a> (Yeah, no longer accessible; retrieved 2005)<br \/>Translated by\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:patrick.brown@ntlworld.com\">Patrick Brown<br \/><\/a><\/p><blockquote><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Athirne the Importunate, son of Ferchertne: it&#8217;s he who was the most inhospitable man who ever lived in Ireland. He went to Mider of Br\u00ed L\u00e9ith and brought the three cranes of exclusion and inhospitality away from him to his own house, for the sake of stinginess and inhospitality, so none of them men of Ireland would visit his house expecting celebration or entertainment.<\/p><p>&#8220;You&#8217;re not coming in,&#8221; said the first crane. &#8220;Get out of here,&#8221; said its companion. &#8220;Keep walking,&#8221; said the third crane.<\/p><p>From that day on, none of the men of Ireland who saw them would go to his door.<\/p><p>He would never eat his fill where anyone could see him. So he went with a cooked pig and a wineskin of mead to eat his fill by himself. He was settling himself down in front of the pig and the wineskin when he saw a man coming towards him.<\/p><p>&#8220;You were going to eat that by yourself,&#8221; said the man, striking the pig and the bottle from him.<\/p><p>&#8220;What is your name?&#8221; said Athirne.<\/p><p>&#8220;It&#8217;s not well known,&#8221; said the man. &#8220;Sethor Ethor Othor Sele Dele Dreng Gerce mac Gerce Ger G\u00e9r D\u00edr D\u00edr, that&#8217;s my name.&#8221;<\/p><p>Athirne couldn&#8217;t compose a satire on that, so he didn&#8217;t get the pig back. It may be that the man was sent by God to take the pig, for Athirne stopped being unsociable from then on.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>It is possible that there is a connection between the Athirne and Esus myths, but I&#8217;m not sure that there is. The change from a pig to a bull is quite a large change, really, and while the cranes seem to be\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c404b10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c404b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. My Own Experiences<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a972198 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a972198\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>So now you want to know how I see him, hmm?<\/p><p>In the shortest term, you can bop over to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronarchy.com\/mjournal\/patrons\/esus.html\">my page on my patronage work<\/a>, which dates to 2003.<\/p><p>For now, you&#8217;ll have to wait. I&#8217;ll update soon. First I want to get the scholar&#8217;s works out of the way.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f78bb2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f78bb2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc0b514\" data-id=\"bc0b514\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-404a6d1 elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-bg-transform elementor-bg-transform-zoom-in elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"404a6d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg elementor-bg\" style=\"background-image: url(http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/vanity-card-patreon-front2-1024x576.jpg);\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Patreon info card, directing to patreon.com\/chronarchy\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBecome a Patron on Patreon\t\t\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIf this stuff interests you (you got this far, so I bet it does) consider my Patreon... especially if you are interested in the functional aspects of modern Paganism\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/c\/chronarchy\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBecome a Patron\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A brief introduction to what we know about the Gaulish Esus, including primary and secondary sources from art, archaeology, epigraphy, and 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