{"id":1154,"date":"2006-07-03T01:23:55","date_gmt":"2006-07-03T05:23:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/?p=1154"},"modified":"2026-02-20T08:30:00","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T13:30:00","slug":"commentaries-on-lucans-pharsalia-the-berne-scholia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/67.225.164.17\/~chronarchy\/commentaries-on-lucans-pharsalia-the-berne-scholia\/","title":{"rendered":"Commentaries on Lucan’s Pharsalia"},"content":{"rendered":"

The poem, Pharsalia<\/i>, is one of the only places that we find the name Esus. These are the commentaries for the lines that mention Esus, Teutates, and Taranis. These lines are:<\/p>\n

Tu quoque laetatus converti proelia, Trevir,
\nEt nunc tonse Ligur, quondam per colla decore
\nCrinibus effusis toti Praelate Comatae;
\nEt quibus inmitis placatur sanguine diro
\nTeutates horrensque feris altaribus Esus
\nEt Taranis Scithicae non mitoior ara Dianae.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

–Lucan, Pharsalia, Book I, 441-446<\/em><\/p>\n

Translations are forthcoming, but I wanted to include the original Latin, for certain. My sources are cited at the end of each inclusion.<\/p>\n

The Berne Scholia<\/i><\/h2>\n

The Berne Scholia<\/i>, also known as the Berne Commentaries<\/i> or the Commenta Bernensia<\/i> discusses Lucan’s Pharsalia<\/i> as follows:<\/p>\n

442<\/b> ET NVNC TONSE LIGVR quoniam de Gallia in Liguriam transierunt et * * condiderunt.<\/p>\n

443<\/b> TOTI PRELATE COMATAE tres sunt Galliae, bracata comata togata.<\/p>\n

444<\/b> ET QVIBVS IN<\/i>MITIS pro: et a quibus | placatur.<\/p>\n

445<\/b> SANGVINE DIRO TEVTATES HORRENSQVE FERIS ALTAR\u2022 E\u2022 Mercurius lingua Gallorum teutates dicitur qui humano apud illos sanguine colebatur. \u2308 Teut<\/i>ates Mercurius sec apud Gallos placatur: in plenum semicupium homo in caput demit<\/i>titur ut ibi suffocetur. Hesus Mars sic placatur: Homo in arbore suspenditur usque donec per curorem<\/i> membra digesserit. Taranis Ditis pater hoc modo aput eos placatur: in alueo ligneo aliquod homines cremantur. \u2308 Item aliter exinde in aliis inuenimus. Teut<\/i>ates mars ‘sanguine diro’ placatur, siue quod proelia numinis eius insticntu administrantur, siue quod Galli antea soliti ut aliis deis huic quoque homines immolare. Hesum Mercurium credunt, si quidem a mercatoribus colitur, et prasidem bellorum et caelestum deorum maximum Tarnanin Iouem adsuetum olim humanis placari capitibus, nunc uero gaudere pecorum.<\/p>\n

446<\/b> TARANIS NON MITIOR ARA DIANAE quia Diana humano cruore litabatur. SCITHICAE in Sc<\/i>ythia apud Tauricam regionem Diana<\/i> humano sanguine colebatur, cuiu<\/i>s erat sacerdos Iphigenia.<\/p>\n

447<\/b> VOS QVOQVE QVI FORTES ANIMAS B \u2022 Q \u2022 P \u2022 L \u2022 I \u2022 L \u2022 V \u2022 uos quoaue bardi. Bardi Germaniae gens quae dixit uiros fortes post interitum fieri inmortales. qui nunc securi decede<\/i>nte Caesare scribere uacant uel cant<\/i>are.<\/p>\n

450<\/b> ET VOS BARBARICOS RITVS Driades. MOREMQVE SINISTRVM contrarium nostro.<\/p>\n

451<\/b> SACRORVM DRIADAE sine templis colebant deos in siluis. \u2308 Driadae gens Germaniae. \u2308 Sunt autem Driadae philosophi Gallorum dicti ab arboribus quod semotos lucos incolant: hi dicunt redire animas in alium orbem. an quoniam glandibus comestis diuinare fuerant consueti. \u2308 Driadae negant interire animas aut contagione inferorum adfici. qui cum defunctis equos seruosque et multam supellectilem conburant quibus uti possint, inde animosi<\/i> in proelia exeunt nec uite suae parcunt, tamquam eandem reperituri in alio naturae ascessu.<\/p>\n

452<\/b> ET CAELI NVMINA VOBIS apostrophe.<\/p>\n

453<\/b>AVT SOLIS NESCIRE aut illi aut nos erremus necesse est. |<\/p>\n

454<\/b> VOBIS AVCTORIBUS VMBRA<\/i>E N \u2022 T \u2022 E \u2022 S \u2022 DITISQ \u2022 P \u2022 P \u2022 R \u2022 P \u2022 manes esse non dicunt sed animas in reuolutione credunt posse constare.<\/p>\n

455<\/b> NON TACITAS EREBI SEDES DITISQ \u2022 P<\/i> \u2022 P \u2022 R \u2022 P \u2022 R<\/i> \u2022 I \u2022 S \u2022 A \u2022 O \u2022 A \u2022 prudentes dicunt per \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c9\u03b6\u03b9\u03bd animas ad alterius climatis corpora transire nec in eo orbe uersari in quo prius fuerint. unde et Virgilius ‘peleagine uenis erroribus actus’.<\/p>\n

-Lucani, M. Annaei. Commenta Brnensia<\/i>. Ed. Usener, Hermann. Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim. 1967.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\n

The Adnotationes super Lucanum<\/i><\/h2>\n

The Adnotationes super Lucanum<\/i>, sometimes called simply the Adnotationum<\/i>, are a series of short notes included in the Commenta Bernensia<\/i> to Lucan’s Pharsalia<\/i>.<\/p>\n

These are far more difficult to work through, as they really are just short notes, and are usually indicated by line. I admit, I’m still trying to figure out what all this stuff means.<\/p>\n

Instead of trying to indicate line numbers (HTML makes that difficult), I’m going to indicate the numbers listed above. This will be less exact, but it should clear up confusion.<\/p>\n

442<\/b> om B<\/i> || ton | seli*g8<\/i>r (se in ras.<\/i>) C<\/i> || * * rasuram II litt. C<\/i> || 443<\/b> prelate comanete pr C<\/i> || bragata B f.<\/i> 3r<\/sup> || tota pr C<\/i> || 444<\/b> inoris!<\/sup> pro C<\/i> || pro om B<\/i> || plagatur pr C<\/i> || 445<\/b> Sangune pr C<\/i> || feris \u00b7 artane C<\/i> || Merc. . . . colebatur B et relata ad<\/i> teutates mg C<\/i> || curius lin abrasa in C<\/i> || teutates B<\/i> altais C<\/i> || Teutates \u2014C: om B<\/i> || et<\/i> teates C<\/i> || dimititur C<\/i> || ubi pr C<\/i> || sic placatur] suplacatur pr<\/i>, supplicatur corr C sscr<\/i> mars apud illos dicitur esus (sim. B<\/i>) || arborem C<\/i> || percurore C. an<\/i> prae cruore? || digesserit cf. Luc. VI<\/i> 88 ‘et digerit artus’ || \u03c4aranis sic, et<\/i> . . Taranis. Dii sunt gallorum qui sanguine humano placantur (= B<\/i>) mg C<\/i> || apud corr C<\/i> || plicatur pr C<\/i> || dero C<\/i> galli:I ex corr C<\/i> || dehis hulc C<\/i> || immolarent C<\/i> || colliter pr C<\/i> || adsu&av<\/sup>m C<\/i> || 446<\/b> mg C<\/i> || letabatur B<\/i> letaba\u03c4 C<\/i> || Scithice C:<\/i> denique B<\/i> || silchia C<\/i> sicilia B<\/i> || dii C om B<\/i> || colebantur C<\/i> || yphigenia filia agamemnonis regis B<\/i> || 447<\/b> bardi. om B<\/i> || L \u2022 V \u2022 ] oratores sscr C<\/i> || immortales et in bello peremptas similiter cetris om. B<\/i> || decente C<\/i> || uaca\/\/\/\/\/re C<\/i> || 451<\/b> sacrorum (acrcorr<\/i>) C<\/i> || sine . . . siluis ad<\/i> driade relata mg C, cf. B ad<\/i> || colebantur sed in C(B)<\/i> || Driadae . . . Driadae C:<\/i> Driadae sunt B<\/i> || quod . . . incolant C:<\/i> quod non in templis colebantur sed in siluis ed in remotis locis B<\/i> || semotus locos pr<\/i>, semotoa<\/sup>s locas corr C. nunc legitur<\/i> semotos loc\u2022o<\/sup>s || hi . . orbem C:<\/i> Disputant enim animas non ire ad inferos sed in alio orbe renasci. Ipsi enim dicebant quod anima incolat corpus B<\/i> || an . . 454<\/b> om B<\/i> || glardib; pr C<\/i> || affici eorr B<\/i> || superlectilem pr C<\/i> || conbur (com- corr<\/i>) C<\/i> || quibus] fort. add.<\/i> rediuiui || animos \u2022 in C || ui*t&#ecedil; C<\/i> || pargunt pr C<\/i> || repperituri pr C<\/i> || successu C<\/i> || 452<\/b> apostropho C<\/i> || 453<\/b> i[psi aut nos] in ras. C<\/i> || illi B<\/i> || erramus (nec. est om<\/i>) B || 454-455<\/b> om B<\/i> || 454<\/b> Vmbrentes P d C\u2022Q P P R P \u2022 C<\/i> || 455 P. et<\/i> R\u2022 om C<\/i> || m&em sicos C<\/i>climatis C<\/i> || fuerunt C<\/i> || Verg. Aen. VI<\/i> 532.<\/p>\n

-Lucani, M. Annaei. Commenta Brnensia<\/i>. Ed. Usener, Hermann. Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim. 1967.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\n

Glosule super Lucanum<\/i><\/h2>\n

The Glosule super Lucanum<\/i> by Arnulfus Aurelianensis (late 12th century) includes the following glosses on Lucan’s Pharsalia<\/i>:<\/p>\n

442<\/b> NVNC TONSE postquam Cesar habuit uictoriam de te. LIGVRES populi sunt quorum metropolis est Mediolanum.<\/p>\n

443<\/b> COMATA Est Gallia comata, est togata, est bracata. Comata est ultra alpes, togata ab alpibus usque in Britanniam, bracata que Reno adiacet, ut pars Burgundie, Loteringia, Flandria. Illi etiam gaudent pro recessione Romanorum quibus colitur.<\/p>\n

445<\/b>Tevtates id est Mercurius, inde Tutonici a deo suo ita dicti; athanatos grece, immortalis latine, theos deus, inde Teutaes Mercurius. IMMITIS quia sanguis sibi humanus sacrificabatur, unde dicit DIRO dire effuso. ESVS Mars ab edendo quia multos in bello consumit, uel quia sanguinem sibi sacrificatum consumit. HORRENSQVE FERIS dicit prodiro sacrificio.<\/p>\n

446<\/b>ET TARANIS quasi diceret: et illi etiam uenerunt quibus placatur. THARANIS est Iuppeter; nescio unde ita sit dictus. NON MITIOR pro sanguine humano. SCITHICE DIANE In Scicia Diane sanguis humanus sacrificatur.<\/p>\n

447<\/b> VOS QVOQVE gaudetis O BARDI Leodicenses quorum multi fuerunt poete, qui de probis in bello occisis tractantes, immortales eos semper faciebant per famam.<\/p>\n

449<\/b> SECVRI a bello cum deessent Romani. FVDISTIS CARMINA securitas enim studio est congrua. DRIADE populi sunt.<\/p>\n

450<\/b> MOREMQVE SINISTRVM peruersum, coegerant eos Romani more Romano sacrificare, sed Romanis remotis ad pristinum morem redierunt, unde dicit.<\/p>\n

451<\/b> REPETISTIS sed aut uos soli sapitis in sacrificando aut soli desipitis cum ritus uester omnibus ritibus sit contrarius.<\/p>\n

453<\/b> NEMORA ALTA Ecce ritus eorum et mos sinister quia in tenebroso loco et deserto litatis remoti ab hominum habitatione.<\/p>\n

454<\/b> VOBIS AVCTORIBVS id est sicut uos dicitis anime ad inferos non descendunt, sed in orbe alterius hemisperii incorporantur iterum uel in aliqua parte orbis a uobis remota.<\/p>\n

455<\/b> TACITAS Anime enim instrumenta corporea loquendi uel audiendi non habent.<\/p>\n

456<\/b> PALLIDA quia sole carencia. IDEM id est aedem anima corpore tamen alterato.<\/p>\n

-Aurelianensis, Arnulfus. Glosule super Lucanum<\/i>. Ed. Marti, Berthe. American Academy in Rome; Rome, Italy. 1958<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\n

Hugutio’s, Magnae Derivationes<\/i><\/h1>\n

Compiled by Hugutio of Pisa between 1192 and 1201, the Magnae Derivationes<\/i> are a huge, dictionary-like work that deals almost exclusively with derivations of words.<\/p>\n

Out of over 2,500 quotations that Hugutio discusses the derivation of, 11 percent are from the Vulgate Bible. A huge number of the derivations included in the Magnae Derivationes<\/i> are incorrect, but it is not without value, because he mentions two commentaries on the lines discussed above.<\/p>\n

Though never published, the text was printed as a facsimile, under the title: Magnae Derivationes of Uguccione da Pisa: a reproduction of the MS Laud 626<\/i> in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, Collection of photographic facsimiles, no. 30, 1925.<\/p>\n

443<\/b> Et sunt tres Gallie, scilicet comata, togata, bracata. Gallia comata est Longobardia, scilicet ab Alpibus usque ad Rubiconem; Gallia togata est ab Alpibus usque ad mare britannicum; bracata que Rena adiacet, ut pars Burgundie, Lotoringia, Flandria.<\/p>\n

445 <\/b>Theutates, tis, deus mortis sic dictus est Mercurius quia humano sanguine sacrificabatur, uel componitur a theos et athanatos, id est deus immortalis, unde Theutonus, a, um, quedam gens quia fera est.<\/p>\n

-Hugutio, Magnae Derivationes<\/i>. From unpublished manuscript MS Oxford, Bodl. Laud. 626<\/i>, Library of Congress, Modern Language Association Deposit, no. 30. Ed. Marti, Berthe M. Corrected and completed with MSS Paris, Bib. Nat. Lat. 7622<\/i> and Rome, Vat. Reg. Lat. 1627<\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The poem, Pharsalia, is one of the only places that we find the name Esus. These are the commentaries for the lines that mention Esus, Teutates, and Taranis. These lines are: Tu quoque laetatus converti proelia, Trevir, Et nunc tonse Ligur, quondam per colla decore Crinibus effusis toti Praelate Comatae; Et quibus inmitis placatur sanguine […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2434,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,8],"tags":[114,37,55,112,113,116,115],"class_list":["post-1154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-esus","tag-berne-scholia","tag-esus","tag-gaulish","tag-lucan","tag-pharsalia","tag-taranis","tag-teutates"],"yoast_head":"\nCommentaries on Lucan's Pharsalia - 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